PSG has now secured the prestigious cup on fourteen different times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past Marseille in Kuwait and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger found the scoring early on.
However, Marseille struck twice late to take a surprise lead. Initially, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for PSG to complete a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 seasons.